KMAN Publication Inc. (KMANPUB) تست 3060-6713 4 Serial Number 15 2026 09 01 A Comparative Examination and Analysis of Conceptual Frameworks and Intelligence Assessment Instruments in Blind and Low-Vision Adolescents: Challenges, Approaches, and Requirements A Comparative Examination and Analysis of Conceptual Frameworks and Intelligence Assessment Instruments in Blind and Low-Vision Adolescents: Challenges, Approaches, and Requirements 1 16 EN Journal Article 2026 03 14 <p>The aim of the present study was to comparatively examine and analyze the conceptual frameworks and intelligence assessment instruments used with blind and low-vision adolescents, identify existing challenges and limitations, and explain the requirements for designing tests appropriate to the cognitive and sensory characteristics of this group. This study was conducted using a qualitative approach based on thematic synthesis. For this purpose, a systematic search of scientific sources was carried out in reputable national and international databases. Studies published between 2003 and 2025 were reviewed. From an initial pool of 83 documents, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria and assessing methodological quality, 31 studies, including 24 international studies and 7 national studies, were selected for final analysis. The data were analyzed according to the stages of thematic synthesis, including initial coding, extraction of descriptive themes, and formation of analytical themes. The analysis of the studies led to the identification of 11 main themes, including spatial visualization intelligence, verbal–auditory intelligence, auditory–tactile memory, nonvisual information processing, nonverbal–tactile reasoning, emotional–social intelligence, executive functions, adaptive and practical intelligence, musical–auditory abilities, neurological–sensory components, and methodological challenges in intelligence assessment. The results showed that some of these components overlap with the dimensions of Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory, whereas others require conceptual reinterpretation or expansion within the context of blindness. The findings also indicated that many existing instruments, due to their implicit or explicit reliance on visual processing, face limitations in construct validity, assessment fairness, and adaptation to the characteristics of individuals with visual impairment. The findings of the study suggest that intelligence assessment in blind and low-vision adolescents requires a transition from purely adaptive approaches toward evidence-based conceptual frameworks aligned with the cognitive and sensory characteristics of this group. Accordingly, Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory can provide an appropriate foundation for developing indigenous, multisensory tests free from visual bias and can facilitate more accurate assessment of the cognitive abilities of these individuals.</p> https://www.journals.kmanpub.com/index.php/prien/article/download/5806/11024