Journal of Psychosociological Research in Family and Culture
JPRFC publishes four issues per year, with occasional special issues coming in addition. E-ISSN: 3041-8550 Director in Charge: M.B. Jafari Editor-in-chief: Dr. Mehdi Rostami Owner: KMAN Research Institute Publisher: KMAN Publication Inc. (KMANPUB) Email: jprfc@kmanpub.com Open Access: YES JPRFC covers a wide range of topics related to family and culture, such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and more. The journal provides an advantageous resource for professionals and scholars in these fields, as it offers a platform for publishing cutting-edge research and innovative ideas. The journal is committed to publishing articles that make significant contributions to the fields of family and culture, and that have practical implications for professionals working in these areas. Overall, JPRCF and Culture is an excellent addition to the academic community. With its emphasis on quality research, meticulous peer-review process, and commitment to open access, the journal is well-positioned to serve as a leading resource for professionals and scholars in the fields of family and culture. About the Publisher Publisher: KMAN Publication Inc. Publisher Office: Unit 5‑10825 Yonge St, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada, L4C 3E3 https://journals.kmanpub.com Email: kmanpu@kmanpub.com Telegram: +1 (647) 656‑4401 | WhatsApp: +1 (437) 429‑3507 Germany Office: Dratelnstrasse, Wohnung A60, 21119 Hamburg, Germany (+4915207720487)
Ranking Spiritual and Religious Practices Strengthening Family Bonds
Objective: This study aimed to identify, categorize, and rank the most significant spiritual and religious practices that strengthen family bonds, integrating qualitative content analysis and quantitative prioritization to develop a multidimensional framework of family spirituality. Methods and Materials: The study adopted a sequential exploratory mixed-methods design. In the first phase, a qualitative content analysis was conducted through an extensive literature review until theoretical saturation was reached. Extracted data were coded and analyzed using NVivo 14, producing six overarching themes of family spirituality. In the second phase, these categories were incorporated into a structured questionnaire and administered to 200 adult participants from Italy. Respondents rated the perceived importance of each spiritual and religious practice on a five-point Likert scale. The quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, applying descriptive statistics and Friedman’s test to rank the practices by mean scores and determine relative importance. Findings: The results revealed six primary categories of family spirituality ranked as follows: shared religious rituals (M = 4.68), moral and ethical alignment (M = 4.51), emotional and relational spirituality (M = 4.32), community and social belonging (M = 4.09), meaning and purpose orientation (M = 3.88), and interfaith respect and inclusivity (M = 3.47). The Friedman test confirmed significant differences in perceived importance across categories (p < 0.001). The highest-ranked themes emphasized ritual participation and moral coherence as foundational mechanisms of family unity, while emotional, communal, and inclusive practices played complementary but secondary roles. Conclusion: Spirituality strengthens family bonds through an integrated system of shared rituals, moral alignment, emotional connection, and social belonging. Keywords: family spirituality; religious practices; family cohesion; moral alignment
Copyright (c) 2025 Tristan McKay-Tempest, Damián Cenci Pertile, Yirsa Meza Villanueva (Author)
Family Conflict and Adolescent Self-Injury: The Mediating Role of Alexithymia
Objective: This study aimed to examine the relationship between family conflict and adolescent self-injury, with a focus on the mediating role of alexithymia. Methods and Materials: A descriptive correlational design was employed using a sample of 396 South African secondary school students selected based on the Morgan and Krejcie sampling table. Standardized instruments were used to assess family conflict, alexithymia, and self-injurious behavior. Data were analyzed using SPSS-27 for Pearson correlation and AMOS-21 for structural equation modeling (SEM). Assumptions for normality, linearity, and multicollinearity were confirmed prior to analysis. The structural model tested both direct and indirect effects to evaluate the mediating function of alexithymia in the relationship between family conflict and self-injury. Findings: Pearson correlations showed significant positive relationships among all variables: family conflict and alexithymia (r = .42, p < .01), family conflict and self-injury (r = .34, p < .01), and alexithymia and self-injury (r = .49, p < .01). The structural model demonstrated excellent fit indices (χ²/df = 2.43, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.059). Path analysis revealed significant direct effects of family conflict on alexithymia (B = 0.43, β = .42, p < .001), alexithymia on self-injury (B = 0.38, β = .46, p < .001), and family conflict on self-injury (B = 0.19, β = .24, p = .004). The indirect effect of family conflict on self-injury through alexithymia was also significant (B = 0.16, β = .19, p < .001), confirming partial mediation. Conclusion: Findings underscore alexithymia as a critical emotional mechanism linking family conflict to self-injurious behavior in adolescents. Interventions targeting emotional awareness and family communication may help mitigate the risks associated with adolescent self-harm, especially in culturally diverse contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Cultural Orientation and Marital Quality: The Mediating Role of Gender Role Attitudes
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between cultural orientation and marital quality among Canadian married individuals, with a specific focus on the mediating role of gender role attitudes. Methods and Materials: The study employed a descriptive correlational design involving 385 married participants residing in Canada, selected using stratified random sampling based on Krejcie and Morgan's sample size guidelines. Standardized instruments were used to assess marital quality (Dyadic Adjustment Scale), cultural orientation (Cultural Orientation Scale), and gender role attitudes (Gender Role Beliefs Scale). Data were analyzed using SPSS-27 for descriptive and correlational statistics, and AMOS-21 was used to perform structural equation modeling (SEM). Model fit was evaluated using χ²/df, GFI, AGFI, CFI, TLI, and RMSEA indices. Mediation analysis included both direct and indirect path coefficients. Findings: Pearson correlation analysis showed that marital quality was significantly related to both cultural orientation (r = .42, p < .001) and gender role attitudes (r = .48, p < .001), with a significant correlation between cultural orientation and gender role attitudes as well (r = .45, p < .001). The SEM results indicated that the model had good fit (χ²/df = 2.11, GFI = 0.94, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.053). Cultural orientation significantly predicted marital quality directly (β = 0.28, p < .001) and indirectly through gender role attitudes (β = 0.22, p < .001), confirming a partial mediating effect. Gender role attitudes also had a strong direct effect on marital quality (β = 0.49, p < .001). Conclusion: The findings underscore the critical role of cultural orientation and internalized gender role attitudes in shaping marital quality. Gender role attitudes serve as a psychological pathway through which cultural values influence relational satisfaction, emphasizing the need for culturally sensitive approaches in marital counseling and intervention.
Family Expressiveness and Adolescent Empathy: The Mediating Role of Emotional Awareness
Objective: This study aimed to examine the mediating role of emotional awareness in the relationship between family expressiveness and adolescent empathy. Methods and Materials: A descriptive correlational research design was used, involving 400 Mexican adolescents selected based on the Morgan and Krejcie sampling table. Data were collected using three standardized self-report instruments: the Family Expressiveness Questionnaire (FEQ), the Emotional Awareness Questionnaire (EAQ), and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) for empathy. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted using SPSS-27 to explore bivariate associations, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was performed using AMOS-21 to assess direct, indirect, and total effects among the variables and test the hypothesized mediation model. Findings: The results showed significant positive correlations between family expressiveness and emotional awareness (r = .46, p < .001), family expressiveness and adolescent empathy (r = .38, p < .001), and emotional awareness and adolescent empathy (r = .53, p < .001). The structural model demonstrated a good fit to the data (χ²/df = 1.66, RMSEA = 0.041, CFI = 0.99). Direct effects from family expressiveness to emotional awareness (B = 0.51, β = 0.46, p < .001), from family expressiveness to empathy (B = 0.24, β = 0.28, p < .001), and from emotional awareness to empathy (B = 0.44, β = 0.39, p < .001) were statistically significant. The indirect effect of family expressiveness on empathy via emotional awareness was also significant (B = 0.22, β = 0.18, p < .001), supporting partial mediation. Conclusion: These findings suggest that emotionally expressive family environments foster adolescents' empathy partly by enhancing their emotional awareness. Emotional awareness serves as a key developmental mechanism through which family dynamics shape prosocial emotional outcomes in adolescence.
Parental Overprotection and Young Adults’ Autonomy: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy
Objective: This study aimed to examine the mediating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between perceived parental overprotection and autonomy in Malaysian young adults. Methods and Materials: A descriptive correlational research design was employed involving a sample of 423 university students in Malaysia, selected based on Krejcie and Morgan’s sampling table. Participants completed standardized measures including the Parental Bonding Instrument (Overprotection subscale), General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Autonomous Functioning Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS-27 for descriptive statistics and Pearson correlations, and AMOS-21 for structural equation modeling (SEM). Assumptions such as normality, multicollinearity, and linearity were checked and confirmed before inferential analysis. Findings: The results indicated a significant negative correlation between parental overprotection and autonomy (r = –.47, p < .001), and between parental overprotection and self-efficacy (r = –.41, p < .001). Self-efficacy was positively correlated with autonomy (r = .53, p < .001). SEM results showed that parental overprotection significantly predicted lower self-efficacy (β = –0.41, p < .001) and autonomy both directly (β = –0.28, p < .001) and indirectly via self-efficacy (β = –0.22, p < .001). The total effect of parental overprotection on autonomy was substantial (β = –0.50, p < .001). Model fit indices supported the adequacy of the hypothesized model (χ²/df = 1.74; CFI = 0.96; RMSEA = 0.041). Conclusion: These findings suggest that parental overprotection has a significant negative impact on young adults’ autonomy, both directly and through its detrimental effect on self-efficacy. Promoting self-efficacy may help mitigate the negative developmental consequences of overprotective parenting, especially in collectivist cultures where parental control is often normative.
Identifying Family Support Mechanisms in Postpartum Psychological Adjustment
Objective: This study aimed to explore the mechanisms through which family support contributes to the psychological adjustment of postpartum women. Methods and Materials: A qualitative research design was employed using semi-structured interviews with 23 postpartum women residing in Bangladesh. Participants were recruited through purposive sampling and represented a range of ages, educational backgrounds, and parity statuses. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis, following Braun and Clarke’s six-step framework. NVivo 14 software facilitated systematic coding and theme development. Ethical approval was obtained, and all participants gave informed consent. Findings: Three main themes emerged: (1) Emotional Support from Family (including subthemes such as active emotional presence, verbal encouragement, and emotional understanding from the spouse), (2) Practical and Instrumental Support (including help with infant care, household tasks, and medical visits), and (3) Relational and Social Buffering (including protection from criticism, mediation of social relations, and promotion of couple intimacy). Across all themes, the perceived quality and timing of support were central to their psychological impact. Participants who experienced emotionally attuned, respectful, and reliable support reported greater psychological stability, reduced distress, and enhanced postpartum coping. Conclusion: The findings underscore that family support in the postpartum period is not solely about the presence of assistance but is critically shaped by its relational quality, emotional sensitivity, and alignment with maternal needs. Emotional reassurance, practical help, and protection from social stressors—when delivered with empathy and respect—can significantly buffer against psychological distress and promote adjustment. These insights suggest a need for culturally sensitive, family-inclusive mental health interventions tailored to postpartum women.
Exploring Communication Breakdowns in Marriages Affected by Emotional Neglect
Objective: This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of communication breakdowns in marital relationships affected by emotional neglect. Methods and Materials: A qualitative research design was employed using semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 21 adult participants (12 women and 9 men) residing in Iranian. Participants were purposively selected based on self-reported experiences of emotional neglect in current or past marriages of at least five years. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed thematically using NVivo 14 software. Thematic analysis followed Braun and Clarke’s six-step framework to identify recurring patterns related to emotional neglect and communication dynamics. Findings: Four major themes emerged from the data: emotional unavailability, ineffective communication patterns, psychosocial impact of neglect, and barriers to reconnection. Participants consistently reported emotional detachment, disengaged listening, and suppression of emotional expression as core aspects of emotional neglect. Communication breakdowns included verbal withdrawal, misinterpretation of intent, and conflict escalation. Emotional neglect was linked to psychological consequences such as self-blame, isolation, diminished self-esteem, and hopelessness about the relationship. Fear of vulnerability, lack of emotional skills, and cultural norms emerged as key barriers to emotional repair. The results highlight emotional neglect as a relational process that undermines emotional safety and communicative trust. Conclusion: Emotional neglect in marriage is a pervasive and underrecognized dynamic that contributes significantly to communication breakdowns and psychological distress. This study underscores the importance of identifying emotional neglect in therapeutic settings and developing interventions that focus on emotional literacy, attunement, and trust-building.
Parents, Children, and (Adoptive?) Bonds: Theoretical Notes for Understanding Parenthood through Adoption
This article explores the complexities of adoptive parenthood through a theoretical lens, examining the social, emotional, and identity-shaping processes that distinguish it from biological parenthood. Grounded in psychological and sociological research, the study highlights the unique challenges faced by adoptive families, including bureaucratic hurdles, social judgment, and integration issues, while emphasizing the role of pre- and post-adoption support in fostering positive outcomes. The analysis reveals how adoptive parenthood is constructed through legal, cultural, and interpersonal dynamics, with particular attention to the selective preferences documented in Brazil’s National Adoption Registry (CNA), which reflect underlying racial and age-based biases. The article also addresses the historical evolution of motherhood and fatherhood, contextualizing adoptive roles within broader gender and family structures. By comparing adoptive and biological parenthood, the study underscores the significance of affective bonds, legal frameworks, and societal perceptions in shaping family identity. Key findings suggest that adoptive parenthood, while distinct, involves similar processes of identity formation and relational adjustment, challenging traditional notions of kinship. The article concludes with recommendations for tailored interventions and policies to better support adoptive families.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pablo Mateus dos Santos Jacinto (Corresponding Author); Maria Virgínia Machado Dazzani (Author)
Global Islam: A Sociological Study of Muslim, Integration, and the Challenges of Multiculturalism in the 21st Century
In the 21st century, globalization, migration, and multiculturalism have shaped the experiences of Muslim minorities in Western societies. This study explores the sociological aspects of Muslim integration, focusing on the challenges and opportunities faced by Muslim communities in multicultural settings. Using qualitative research methods, data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), case studies, and key-informant interviews (KII) with 15 Muslim immigrants from the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and Scotland. The findings reveal key barriers to integration, including employment discrimination, restrictions on religious clothing, difficulties in securing housing, limited access to halal food, and workplace discrimination. Furthermore, Islamophobia and negative media portrayals exacerbate societal tensions, leading to identity crises among young Muslims. Despite these challenges, Muslim communities employ various coping mechanisms, such as interfaith dialogues, advocacy initiatives, and community-driven support systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hasanuz Zaman (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Narrative Therapy as an Intervention for Post-Divorce Adjustment and Grief: Examining Psychological Outcomes
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of narrative therapy in improving post-divorce adjustment and reducing grief symptoms among individuals experiencing marital dissolution. Methods and Materials: A quasi-experimental design was used with a treatment group (n = 36) receiving ten structured narrative therapy sessions and a control group (n = 36) receiving no intervention. Participants were assessed at three time points: pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. Standardized measures, including the Post-Divorce Adjustment Scale (PDAS) and the Grief Experience Questionnaire (GEQ), were administered to evaluate changes over time. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests to determine within-group and between-group differences in post-divorce adjustment and grief levels. Findings: Results showed a significant improvement in post-divorce adjustment in the treatment group compared to the control group (F = 57.90, p = 0.0001). Grief levels significantly decreased in the treatment group over time (F = 71.92, p = 0.00001), with Bonferroni post-hoc comparisons indicating that post-divorce adjustment increased significantly from pre-test to post-test (p = 0.001) and was maintained at follow-up (p = 0.0003), while grief decreased significantly from pre-test to post-test (p = 0.0001) and continued to decline at follow-up (p = 0.00001). Conclusion: The findings suggest that narrative therapy is an effective intervention for enhancing post-divorce adjustment and reducing grief. By enabling individuals to reconstruct their divorce narratives, the therapy promotes emotional healing, resilience, and future-oriented self-perceptions. Narrative therapy should be considered a valuable therapeutic approach for individuals struggling with the emotional consequences of divorce.
Copyright (c) 2025 Karina Batthyany , Sabine Kraus, Erwin A William (Author); Yaliu Yang (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Jealousy and Family Coping Strategies in Predicting Sexual Satisfaction in Romantic Relationships
Objective: This study examines the predictive role of jealousy in romantic relationships and family coping strategies in determining sexual satisfaction among individuals in committed relationships. Methods and Materials: A correlational descriptive design was used, with 376 participants selected based on Morgan and Krejcie’s sample size table. Standardized self-report measures, including the Sexual Satisfaction Scale (SSS), Romantic Jealousy Scale (RJS), and Family Crisis-Oriented Personal Evaluation Scales (F-COPES), were administered. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient to assess relationships between variables and linear regression analysis to determine predictive effects. Assumptions of normality, linearity, and multicollinearity were checked and met, and statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS-27. Findings: Correlation analysis revealed that jealousy in romantic relationships was negatively associated with sexual satisfaction (r = -0.54, p < 0.01), while family coping strategies were positively associated with sexual satisfaction (r = 0.48, p < 0.01). The regression model demonstrated that jealousy negatively predicted sexual satisfaction (B = -0.46, β = -0.51, t = -6.57, p < 0.01), while family coping strategies positively predicted sexual satisfaction (B = 0.38, β = 0.45, t = 6.33, p < 0.01). The model explained 40% of the variance in sexual satisfaction (R² = 0.40, F = 69.91, p < 0.01). Conclusion: The findings suggest that higher jealousy in romantic relationships is associated with lower sexual satisfaction, whereas stronger family coping strategies enhance sexual satisfaction. These results highlight the importance of reducing jealousy and promoting adaptive coping mechanisms in fostering healthy and satisfying romantic relationships.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nayelli Muñoz (Corresponding Author); Bridget Abalorio , Klein Verena , Courtney Hébert (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Reducing Parental Psychological Control: The Influence of Marital Support and Psychological Capital
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the predictive role of emotional support in marriage and psychological capital in parental psychological control, exploring how these factors contribute to variations in parenting behaviors. Methods and Materials: A correlational descriptive design was employed, with a sample of 320 married individuals with children selected based on the Morgan and Krejcie table. Participants completed standardized measures assessing parental psychological control, emotional support in marriage, and psychological capital. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation to examine the relationships between variables and multiple linear regression to determine the predictive power of emotional support in marriage and psychological capital on parental psychological control. SPSS version 27 was used for statistical analysis, with significance set at p < 0.01. Findings: Results indicated significant negative correlations between parental psychological control and both emotional support in marriage (r = -0.52, p < 0.01) and psychological capital (r = -0.46, p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that emotional support in marriage (B = -0.41, p < 0.01) and psychological capital (B = -0.36, p < 0.01) significantly predicted lower parental psychological control, accounting for 34% of the variance (R² = 0.34). These findings suggest that parents with higher marital support and stronger psychological resources engage in less psychologically controlling parenting behaviors. Conclusion: This study highlights the crucial role of emotional support in marriage and psychological capital in reducing parental psychological control. Strengthening spousal support and enhancing psychological capital may serve as effective strategies for promoting healthier parenting practices and reducing manipulative parental behaviors. Future research should explore longitudinal effects and intervention strategies aimed at fostering supportive marital relationships and psychological resilience among parents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Badhon Ahmmed (Corresponding Author); Aman Ullah Chaudhary (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Identifying the Strategies Used by Grandparents in Child-Rearing Across Different Cultural Contexts
Objective: This study aims to explore the strategies used by grandparents in child-rearing across different cultural contexts. Methods and Materials: This qualitative study utilized semi-structured interviews with 37 grandparents recruited through online platforms. The study employed a purposive sampling method to ensure diversity in cultural backgrounds. The interviews were conducted online, recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Data analysis was performed using thematic analysis with the assistance of NVivo software, following an inductive coding process to identify emerging themes. Theoretical saturation was achieved when no new themes emerged. Findings: The results indicated that grandparents play a crucial role in their grandchildren’s upbringing through four main strategies: emotional and psychological support, transmission of cultural values, disciplinary strategies, and intergenerational learning and adaptation. Grandparents provided emotional security by offering reassurance and fostering resilience, contributing to their grandchildren’s psychological well-being. They actively engaged in cultural transmission through storytelling, language preservation, and reinforcing moral values, ensuring continuity of traditions. Disciplinary strategies varied, with some grandparents employing non-punitive methods such as positive reinforcement and mediation, while others adhered to stricter rule-setting. Grandparents also demonstrated adaptability by incorporating modern parenting techniques and learning from their grandchildren, particularly in digital literacy and evolving social norms. Conclusion: The study highlights the evolving role of grandparents in child-rearing, demonstrating a balance between traditional caregiving practices and contemporary parenting adaptations. Their involvement remains essential in fostering emotional security, cultural continuity, and behavioral development in children. Given the generational shifts in parenting ideologies, intergenerational dialogue and mutual learning are crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of grandparental caregiving. Future research should further examine the long-term impact of grandparental caregiving on child development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Valerie Karstensen (Corresponding Author); Geoffrey Olsen, Mathias Bastholm (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Identifying the Causes of Communication Breakdown in Intercultural Marriages
Objective: This study aims to explore the causes of communication breakdown in intercultural marriages. Methods and Materials: A qualitative research design was employed using semi-structured interviews with 28 participants recruited from online platforms. The study followed a phenomenological approach, and theoretical saturation determined the sample size. Data were analyzed using NVivo software through open coding, axial coding, and thematic analysis to identify key communication challenges in intercultural marriages. Trustworthiness was ensured through member checking and reflexive journaling to minimize researcher bias. Findings: The results revealed three main themes contributing to communication breakdown: language and expression barriers, cultural and value-based differences, and emotional and psychological challenges. Participants reported struggles with linguistic misunderstandings, differences in emotional expression, and humor misalignment. Cultural expectations, such as gender roles, family involvement, and conflict resolution styles, further complicated communication. Psychological factors, including cultural identity struggles, trust issues, and adaptability, also played a crucial role. The ability to develop intercultural sensitivity and communication competence was identified as a key factor in mitigating misunderstandings and fostering relationship harmony. Conclusion: Communication breakdown in intercultural marriages is influenced by a complex interplay of linguistic, cultural, and psychological factors. While language proficiency and cultural adaptation can improve communication, deeper challenges related to identity negotiation and emotional expression require ongoing effort and mutual understanding. Future research should explore additional sociocultural influences, and practical interventions, such as intercultural communication training, could help couples navigate these challenges more effectively.
Copyright (c) 2025 Selva Turan (Corresponding Author); Ahmet Kutsal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Social Connectedness as a Function of Emotional Regulation and Cultural Tolerance: A Psychological Perspective
Objective: This study aimed to examine the predictive role of emotional regulation and cultural tolerance in social connectedness, determining the extent to which these psychological factors contribute to interpersonal relationships. Methods and Materials: A correlational descriptive design was employed, with 400 participants selected using Morgan and Krejcie’s (1970) sample size table. Participants completed the Social Connectedness Scale (SCS), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), and Cultural Tolerance Scale (CTS). Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to assess the relationships between variables, while a multiple regression analysis determined the predictive value of emotional regulation and cultural tolerance for social connectedness. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS-27, with a significance level set at p < 0.01. Findings: Descriptive statistics revealed a mean social connectedness score of 42.65 (SD = 6.87), an emotional regulation mean of 51.24 (SD = 8.14), and a cultural tolerance mean of 37.89 (SD = 7.92). Pearson correlation analysis indicated significant positive relationships between emotional regulation and social connectedness (r = 0.58, p < 0.01) and between cultural tolerance and social connectedness (r = 0.49, p < 0.01). The regression model was statistically significant (F(2,397) = 99.32, p < 0.01), explaining 38% of the variance (R² = 0.38, Adjusted R² = 0.37). Both emotional regulation (B = 0.45, β = 0.41, p < 0.01) and cultural tolerance (B = 0.38, β = 0.33, p < 0.01) significantly predicted social connectedness. Conclusion: The findings confirm that emotional regulation and cultural tolerance are significant predictors of social connectedness. Individuals with higher emotional regulation skills and greater openness to cultural diversity tend to experience stronger social bonds. These results highlight the importance of fostering emotional and cultural adaptability to promote social integration.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mehdi Rostami (Corresponding Author); Sefa Bulut, Baidi Bukhori, Nadereh Saadati, Jiantang Yang (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
How Psychological Flexibility and Trust Shape Parenting Efficacy: A Quantitative Analysis
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the predictive relationship between psychological flexibility, trust in relationships, and parenting efficacy. Methods and Materials: This study employed a correlational descriptive design with a sample of 350 parents, selected based on the Morgan and Krejcie table. Standardized measures, including the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC), the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), and the Trust Scale, were administered to assess parenting efficacy, psychological flexibility, and trust in relationships, respectively. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 27, including Pearson correlation to assess bivariate relationships and multiple linear regression to examine the combined predictive effect of psychological flexibility and trust on parenting efficacy. Assumptions of normality, linearity, and multicollinearity were confirmed before conducting regression analyses. Findings: The results demonstrated that psychological flexibility was significantly correlated with parenting efficacy (r = 0.54, p < 0.01), as was trust in relationships (r = 0.47, p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis indicated that psychological flexibility (B = 0.65, p < 0.01) and trust in relationships (B = 0.48, p < 0.01) were both significant predictors of parenting efficacy, accounting for 37% of its variance (R² = 0.37, p < 0.01). Psychological flexibility exhibited a slightly stronger predictive effect than trust in relationships. These findings highlight the importance of both individual cognitive adaptability and interpersonal trust in shaping parents’ confidence in their parenting abilities. Conclusion: This study provides empirical support for the significant role of psychological flexibility and trust in relationships in predicting parenting efficacy. The findings suggest that interventions aimed at enhancing parents’ emotional adaptability and strengthening relational trust may contribute to improved parenting confidence. Future research should explore longitudinal effects and cultural variations in these relationships to develop targeted parenting interventions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Daniela Gottschlich (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Identifying Coping Strategies for Managing Intergenerational Tensions in Multigenerational Households
Objective: This study aims to explore the coping strategies employed by individuals in multigenerational households to manage intergenerational tensions. Methods and Materials: This qualitative study utilized a phenomenological approach to examine the lived experiences of individuals residing in multigenerational households. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 22 participants recruited via online platforms, ensuring diverse perspectives on intergenerational conflict resolution. The study employed a purposive sampling strategy, and interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. NVivo software was used to facilitate thematic analysis, allowing for systematic identification of key coping mechanisms. The analysis involved open coding, axial coding, and thematic categorization to identify patterns and relationships within the data. Findings: The thematic analysis revealed four major coping strategies: (1) communication strategies, including active listening, conflict mediation, humor, and digital communication adaptation; (2) emotional regulation techniques, such as emotional distancing, cognitive reframing, mindfulness, seeking social support, and expressing gratitude; (3) household management strategies, including role negotiation, financial contributions, time management, privacy arrangements, and household meetings; and (4) interpersonal adaptation, which encompassed respecting autonomy, negotiating values, engaging in intergenerational bonding activities, and encouraging mutual learning. The findings indicate that multigenerational households actively develop adaptive mechanisms to mitigate conflicts and enhance familial cohesion. Conclusion: The results underscore the importance of structured communication, emotional regulation, and adaptive household management in fostering harmony in multigenerational households. The study contributes to the existing literature by highlighting practical coping strategies that facilitate positive intergenerational relationships and reduce conflict. These insights can inform interventions aimed at improving household dynamics through counseling, policy initiatives, and targeted support programs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yoko Wong (Corresponding Author); Jing Sun (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Investigating the Contextual Factors Affecting Gender Roles in Traditional and Modern Families
Objective: This study examines the contextual factors that influence gender roles in traditional and modern families. Methods and Materials: A qualitative research design was employed, using semi-structured interviews with 24 participants recruited through online platforms. The study utilized a theoretical saturation approach to determine the sample size, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of gender role dynamics. Data were analyzed using NVivo software, applying thematic analysis to identify key themes and subthemes related to traditional and modern gender roles as well as the contextual factors influencing their evolution. Findings: The analysis revealed three major themes: traditional gender roles, modern gender roles, and contextual factors shaping gender expectations. Traditional gender roles remained dominant in many families, with men expected to be primary financial providers and women responsible for caregiving and household duties. However, modern families exhibited greater flexibility, with shared financial responsibilities, equal household contributions, and evolving parental attitudes towards gender roles. Contextual factors such as media representations, legal frameworks, socioeconomic status, education, and digital influence played a critical role in shaping gender norms. While traditional values persisted in some households, external influences were found to drive significant shifts towards gender equality in modern family structures. Conclusion: The findings suggest that while traditional gender roles continue to shape family structures, increasing economic participation, educational attainment, and digital exposure are redefining gender expectations. The interplay between cultural traditions and evolving social norms highlights the complexity of gender role negotiation in contemporary families. Understanding these dynamics can contribute to the development of policies and practices that support gender equity in both traditional and modern households.
Copyright (c) 2025 Yang Zhang (Author); Yinghao Pan (Corresponding Author); Jiaowei Gong (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring the Cultural Factors Influencing Parent-Child Communication in Intergenerational Families
Objective: This study aims to explore the cultural factors influencing parent-child communication in intergenerational families. Methods and Materials: This qualitative study employed a phenomenological research design, using semi-structured interviews with 29 participants recruited through online platforms. Theoretical saturation was reached to ensure data adequacy. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using NVivo software, following an inductive thematic analysis approach. The analysis identified key themes related to cultural expectations, intergenerational differences in expression, and cultural adaptation. Findings: The results revealed that hierarchical communication patterns, role expectations, and linguistic differences significantly influenced parent-child interactions in intergenerational families. Many participants described communication structures rooted in cultural norms that emphasized obedience, emotional restraint, and parental authority. Generational differences emerged in emotional expressiveness and conflict resolution, with younger family members favoring open discussions, while older generations maintained indirect or reserved communication styles. The role of technology was also significant, as digital communication was perceived as convenient by younger generations but as impersonal by older family members. Furthermore, families navigated cultural adaptation by balancing traditional values with modern perspectives, with some experiencing tension in integrating both approaches. Conclusion: Cultural factors play a crucial role in shaping intergenerational family communication, influencing language use, emotional expression, and conflict resolution. While cultural traditions reinforce family cohesion, they may also limit open dialogue between parents and children. Generational shifts in communication styles and the increasing use of digital communication necessitate adaptive strategies for maintaining effective intergenerational relationships.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wang Lai (Corresponding Author); Jingjing Ying (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Sacred Bonds Beyond Beliefs: Interfaith and Traditional Marriage Rituals and rites in Hinduism Religion
This study explores Hindu marriage history, system, ritual, rite, type, and interfaith marriage in Hinduism and various castes, and the Bollywood movie industry in India, focusing on the sacred bonds formed beyond religious beliefs. It tries to clarify how Hindu marriage rituals are components of various religions and traditional customs among castes, encouraging inclusivity and peace. This paper uses descriptive qualitative methodology through the analysis of past scholars’ papers, chanting mantras, and the last 120 years of the Indian census for the women and male ratio per thousand. Hinduism embraces diversity and adapts to accommodate various religious and cultural backgrounds, allowing couples to celebrate their love while honoring their respective traditions. Especially in Bollywood, where interfaith marriage is common. The last 10 decades have seen a decrease in the number of women, but according to the 2021 Indian Census, the women's ratio has increased over the last 12 decades. The situation will increase the number of interfaith couples, and interfaith marriage rituals in Hinduism will serve as a bridge between different faiths, promoting unity and understanding among diverse communities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Murshida Khatun, Md Amirul Islam, Mst. Baly Khatun (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Interfaith Marriage in Bangladesh: A Comparative Analysis of Past and Present Trends and Sociocultural Aspects
Objective: This study examines the dynamics of interfaith marriage in Bangladesh, many customs and rituals, different religious society views, and marriage reviews, offering a comparative analysis of past and present trends and exploring the sociocultural aspects surrounding these unions, with specific consideration given to the influence of the Marriage Act of 1872. The objectives of the study aim to investigate the historical evolution of interfaith marriages, analyze the sociocultural factors influencing their occurrence, and assess the impact of the Marriage Act of 1872 on regulating such unions. Methods and Materials: The research methodology involves a comprehensive review of the literature, an examination of historical data conducted with a qualitative approach. Findings: The findings suggest a noticeable increase in interfaith marriages, driven by urbanization, globalization, and changing religious perspectives. Despite legal provisions, societal and cultural barriers persist, presenting challenges for interfaith couples. Conclusion: The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of promoting awareness, understanding, and acceptance of interfaith marriages in Bangladesh and proposing legal reforms and educational initiatives to foster a more inclusive and harmonious society.
Marriage Act 1872; Socio-Cultural Aspects
Copyright (c) 2024 Murshida Khatun (Author); Md Amirul Islam (Corresponding Author); Mst. Baly Khatun (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Examining the Psychological Impact of Intergenerational Trauma on Family Dynamics in Post-Conflict Societies
Objective: This study aims to examine the psychological impact of intergenerational trauma on family dynamics in post-conflict societies. By exploring personal experiences, psychological effects, and coping mechanisms, the research seeks to understand how trauma is transmitted across generations and how families manage its complex ramifications. Methods: This qualitative study utilized semi-structured interviews with 21 participants from multiple generations within families in post-conflict regions. Participants were selected through purposive sampling to ensure a diverse representation. Thematic analysis was conducted using NVivo software, following the transcription and systematic coding of interview data. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved, ensuring comprehensive coverage of the research themes. Results: The study identified three main themes: personal experiences of trauma and conflict, psychological impacts on individuals and families, and coping mechanisms and resilience strategies. Participants reported significant psychological effects such as anxiety, depression, and PTSD. Emotional responses included grief, anger, and helplessness, while behavioral changes involved aggression, withdrawal, and substance abuse. Coping strategies ranged from individual practices like mindfulness and exercise to seeking family and community support. The use of traditional healing practices and the availability of community resources were crucial in managing trauma. The findings highlight the enduring nature of intergenerational trauma and its profound impact on family dynamics. Conclusion: Intergenerational trauma profoundly affects family dynamics in post-conflict societies, with significant psychological and emotional consequences. Effective coping mechanisms involve a combination of individual resilience and support from family and community resources. The study underscores the need for comprehensive, culturally sensitive interventions to address the multifaceted challenges posed by intergenerational trauma. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies and quantitative approaches to enhance the understanding and management of intergenerational trauma.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sayed Surena Pakbazi, Ali Derakhsh, Fatemeh Mohseni, Sakineh Seyadat (Author); Mojtaba Shahbazimoghadam (Corresponding Author); Bahman Namjoo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring the Role of Cultural Adaptation in Interfaith Marriages: A Qualitative Study
Objective: The objective of this study is to explore the role of cultural adaptation in interfaith marriages, focusing on how couples navigate religious differences, integrate cultural practices, and manage identity negotiation. Methods: This qualitative study employed semi-structured interviews with 20 participants who have been in interfaith marriages for at least three years. Participants were selected using purposive sampling to ensure diversity in cultural and religious backgrounds. Data were collected until theoretical saturation was achieved and were analyzed using NVivo software. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify key themes and subthemes related to communication strategies, religious practices, cultural integration, emotional support, and identity negotiation. Results: The analysis revealed five main themes: communication strategies, religious practices, cultural integration, emotional support, and identity negotiation. Couples employed various communication strategies such as open dialogue, conflict resolution, and non-verbal communication to bridge cultural gaps. Joint religious practices and celebrations, as well as respectful handling of dietary restrictions, were crucial in fostering mutual respect. Cultural integration was facilitated through adopting traditions, adapting attire, and engaging in social networks. Emotional support from spouses, families, and communities played a significant role in maintaining marital stability. Identity negotiation involved balancing individual and joint identities, dealing with societal perceptions, and educating others about their interfaith marriage. Conclusion: The study underscores the complex and nuanced strategies interfaith couples use to navigate cultural adaptation. Effective communication, mutual respect in religious practices, cultural integration, emotional support, and identity negotiation are critical for the success of interfaith marriages. The findings highlight the need for supportive legal frameworks and societal acceptance to facilitate the thriving of interfaith unions. This study contributes valuable insights into the broader processes of cultural adaptation and integration in a globalized world.
Copyright (c) 2024 Yoko Wong (Corresponding Author); Xian Seng Neo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Perceptions of Discipline and Punishment in Families from Diverse Cultural Backgrounds
Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the perceptions of discipline and punishment among families from diverse cultural backgrounds. By understanding these perceptions, the study aimed to provide insights into how cultural norms, individual experiences, and societal frameworks influence disciplinary practices within different familial contexts. Methods: This qualitative research utilized semi-structured interviews to collect data from 23 participants of varied cultural backgrounds. The participants were recruited through community centers, cultural organizations, and social media platforms. Interviews were conducted using a guide developed from existing literature, focusing on definitions of discipline, acceptable and unacceptable practices, and cultural influences. Data were analyzed using NVivo software, employing thematic analysis to identify common themes and patterns across the interviews. Results: The study identified three main themes: perceptions of discipline, experiences with punishment, and cultural contexts. Participants generally defined discipline as corrective action aimed at guiding behavior and fostering respect, responsibility, and self-discipline. Non-physical methods, such as time-outs and verbal warnings, were preferred, while physical punishment was widely rejected. Cultural traditions, religious beliefs, and community norms significantly influenced these practices. Experiences with punishment revealed generational shifts towards less physical punishment, with emotional impacts ranging from fear to acceptance. The influence of extended family, migration challenges, and legal frameworks were also highlighted, underscoring the complex interplay of cultural and societal factors in shaping disciplinary practices. Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of culturally sensitive approaches to discipline and punishment within families. Effective parenting programs and policies should integrate diverse cultural traditions while promoting non-physical disciplinary methods. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the cultural dimensions of disciplinary practices, offering valuable insights for parents, educators, and policymakers aiming to support the well-being and healthy development of children in multicultural contexts.
Copyright (c) 2024 Haixin Qiu (Author); Farzaneh Mardani (Corresponding Author); Taf Kunorubwe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring the Role of Extended Family in Child Rearing Practices Across Different Cultures
Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the role of extended family in child-rearing practices across different cultures. The research aimed to understand how extended family members contribute to the upbringing of children and the impact of these practices on child development and family dynamics. Methods: This qualitative study employed semi-structured interviews to collect data from 25 participants of diverse cultural backgrounds. The participants were selected through purposive sampling to ensure a variety of perspectives. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. The interview data were analyzed using NVivo software, facilitating systematic coding and thematic analysis to identify key themes and patterns related to the involvement of extended family in child-rearing. Results: The analysis revealed four main themes: daily involvement, cultural beliefs and practices, comparative perspectives on nuclear versus extended family roles, and personal experiences. Extended family members were found to provide substantial support in daily childcare responsibilities, emotional support, discipline, practical assistance, and health and safety. Cultural beliefs significantly influenced child-rearing practices, with extended families playing a crucial role in transmitting traditions, values, and language. Participants highlighted both the benefits and challenges of extended family involvement, noting the importance of emotional support and the difficulties of managing conflicts and generational gaps. Personal experiences underscored the positive and negative aspects of extended family dynamics and the coping strategies employed to navigate these relationships. Conclusion: The study underscores the vital role of extended family members in child-rearing practices across different cultures. Their involvement offers emotional, practical, and cultural support, enhancing children's development and family cohesion. However, challenges such as conflicts and generational gaps must be addressed. Future research should include larger and more diverse samples, employ mixed-methods approaches, and explore the perspectives of extended family members. Practitioners should recognize the value of extended family involvement and support families in managing these complex relationships.
Copyright (c) 2024 Veronica Longo (Author); Nadereh Saadati (Corresponding Author); Mehmet Karakus (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Cultural Festivals and Family Cohesion: Highlighting an Understudied Area
Cultural festivals are a significant aspect of social life, providing communities with opportunities for celebration, identity expression, and social cohesion. While there has been extensive research on the economic and social impacts of festivals, there is a pressing need to delve deeper into how these events influence family cohesion and dynamics. This letter aims to highlight the importance of studying the impact of cultural festivals on family relationships, drawing on existing literature to advocate for more comprehensive research in this area. In conclusion, cultural festivals play a significant role in promoting family cohesion by offering shared experiences that reinforce social bonds and cultural identity. However, there is a need for more focused research on how these events impact family dynamics across different cultural contexts. By addressing this gap, we can better understand the potential of cultural festivals to strengthen family relationships and promote social cohesion. We urge researchers and practitioners in the field of psychosociology to prioritize studies on the impact of cultural festivals on family cohesion. Such research will not only contribute to the academic understanding of family dynamics but also inform the design and implementation of festivals to maximize their positive impacts on families.
Copyright (c) 2024 Shokouh Navabinejad (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Attachment and Identity Formation in Bicultural Families
Objective: This study aims to explore the dynamics of attachment and identity formation within bicultural families, focusing on the unique challenges and opportunities they face. The research seeks to understand how parenting styles, bonding activities, emotional connections, and the role of extended family influence these processes. Additionally, the study examines the continuous cultural negotiation and the impact of social relationships and support systems on the overall well-being of children raised in bicultural environments. Methods: A qualitative research design was employed, utilizing semi-structured interviews to gather in-depth data from 23 participants, including parents and children from 15 bicultural families. The participants were selected through purposive sampling to ensure diverse cultural backgrounds. Data were analyzed using NVivo software, with themes and patterns identified through rigorous coding and thematic analysis. Theoretical saturation was reached after conducting interviews with the 15 families, ensuring comprehensive coverage of the study's objectives. Results: The study identified four main themes: Attachment Dynamics, Identity Formation, Cultural Negotiation, and Family and Social Relationships. Attachment dynamics were influenced by varied parenting styles and the integration of cultural practices. Identity formation was shaped by cultural pride, school environment, and peer relationships. Cultural negotiation involved continuous adaptation of decision-making processes, traditions, and language practices. Family and social relationships, including peer interactions and community engagement, played a crucial role in supporting the social experiences of bicultural children. Conclusion: The findings highlight the complex interplay of attachment and identity formation in bicultural families. Effective parenting, cultural negotiation, and strong social support systems are essential for fostering positive identity development and family cohesion.
Copyright (c) 2024 Seyed Sajad Dezhan, Ebrahim Setayesh Manesh (Author); Kimiya Zebardasti (Corresponding Author); Vale Mohammad Parsadost, Mansour Derakhshandeh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Cultural Influences on Perceptions of Parenthood and Family Life
Objective: The objective of this study is to explore the cultural influences on perceptions of parenthood and family life. It aims to understand how cultural norms, values, and practices shape parenting roles, responsibilities, and challenges among parents from diverse backgrounds. Method: This qualitative study utilized semi-structured interviews to gather data from 28 participants representing various cultural backgrounds. Participants were recruited through community centers, cultural organizations, and social media platforms. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using NVivo software, following the principle of theoretical saturation to ensure comprehensive data collection. Thematic analysis was employed to identify and analyze patterns and themes related to cultural influences on parenthood. Results: The analysis revealed three main themes: Cultural Traditions, Parenting Practices, and Challenges and Adaptations. Cultural traditions influenced family roles, rituals, religious beliefs, language, and cultural identity. Parenting practices varied widely, encompassing diverse parenting styles, discipline methods, education priorities, health and nutrition, work-life balance, and family support networks. Participants also faced significant challenges in integrating into new societies, managing intergenerational conflicts, economic pressures, accessing resources, and addressing mental health and legal issues. Conclusion: Cultural influences play a crucial role in shaping perceptions and practices of parenthood and family life. This study highlights the need for culturally sensitive approaches in supporting parents and children from diverse backgrounds. The findings underscore the importance of inclusive policies and practices that address the unique needs of culturally diverse families, promoting equitable access to resources and support. Further research is recommended to explore the dynamic nature of cultural influences on parenting and to develop comprehensive strategies for supporting diverse family structures.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sayed Ahmad Elwakeel, Mohammad Mahpur (Author); Nadereh Saadati (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Perceptions of Childcare and Parenting Support among Working Parents
Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the perceptions of childcare and parenting support among working parents. Method: This qualitative study employed semi-structured interviews with 20 working parents from diverse professional backgrounds. Participants were selected using purposive sampling to ensure a balanced representation of genders and a variety of family structures. The interviews were conducted either in person or via video conferencing, lasting between 45 and 60 minutes. Data were analyzed thematically using NVivo software, following a systematic coding process to identify key themes and patterns. The final sample size was determined by theoretical saturation. Results: Three main themes emerged from the analysis: experiences with current childcare arrangements, challenges in balancing work and parenting responsibilities, and access to and satisfaction with parenting support resources. Parents reported limited availability and high costs of childcare, concerns about quality, and a need for flexible services. Challenges included time management, employer support, stress, and the impact on career advancement. Informal support networks, such as family and friends, played a crucial role, while formal support services were beneficial but often underutilized due to lack of awareness. Conclusion: The study highlights the complex challenges faced by working parents in managing childcare and parenting responsibilities. Findings underscore the need for more flexible, affordable, and high-quality childcare services, along with stronger support systems within the workplace and community. By addressing these needs, policymakers, employers, and childcare providers can improve work-family balance and overall well-being for working parents. The insights gained can inform the development of more effective policies and practices, ultimately benefiting parents, children, and society.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ali Aghaziarati (Corresponding Author); Salar Faramarzi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Family in Managing Financial Stress and Economic Hardship
Objective: This study aims to explore the role of family dynamics in managing financial stress and economic hardship. By examining how families navigate these challenges through various strategies and coping mechanisms, the research seeks to provide a deeper understanding of the impact of economic hardship on family relationships and individual well-being. Methods: A qualitative research design was employed, utilizing semi-structured interviews to collect data from 20 participants. Participants were selected through purposive sampling to ensure diverse perspectives. Data were analyzed using NVivo software, with thematic analysis guiding the identification and categorization of key themes. Theoretical saturation was reached, ensuring comprehensive coverage of the participants' experiences. Results: The study identified three main themes: family roles and responsibilities, coping strategies for financial stress, and the impact on family dynamics. Families adopted joint decision-making, budget creation, and income pooling to manage finances. Emotional and practical support were vital coping mechanisms, with open communication and resource sharing being prominent strategies. Economic hardship led to changes in family relationships and significant impacts on mental health, particularly for parents and children. Conclusion: Family dynamics play a critical role in managing financial stress and economic hardship. Effective financial management, open communication, and supportive relationships are essential for mitigating the adverse effects of economic pressure. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions and support systems to help families navigate economic challenges and maintain their well-being.
Copyright (c) 2024 Kobra Asadi, Zahra Yousefi (Author); Kamdin Parsakia (Corresponding Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0