Leveraging Audiovisual Psycholinguistic Interventions to Enhance Sports Facility Income: Evidence from Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

INTRODUCTION

Sports facilities are not merely venues for physical activity; they also represent economic entities with the potential to contribute significantly to local revenue or the income of managing institutions. In an increasingly competitive and digital global environment, sports facility managers face the challenge of strengthening consumer preferences and enhancing user loyalty as strategies to maximize revenue. Audiovisual interventions with a psycholinguistic approach have emerged as a promising communication strategy, capable of engaging consumers’ emotional, cognitive, and motivational aspects while simultaneously shaping economically advantageous behaviours.

Audiovisual interventions such as videos, audio narratives, interactive visuals, or multimedia combinations possess multimodal properties that transmit messages simultaneously through visual and auditory channels. This facilitates the creation of stronger and more immersive experiences than textual communication alone. In health promotion, for instance, several studies have demonstrated that theory-based video messages successfully influence attitudes and behavioural intentions, such as increasing willingness to be vaccinated or to reject smoking [1]. Although the context differs, these findings suggest that audiovisual interventions have proven effective in shaping behaviour through narrative elements and the persuasive power of visual-auditory stimuli.

Complementing this communication strategy, a psycholinguistic perspective provides a deeper understanding of how language, symbols, and message structures influence recipients’ mental processes. The Stimulus Organism Response model, for example, explains that external stimuli (such as audiovisual media) trigger changes within the organism (cognition and affect), which ultimately shape behaviour or user responses. In the context of sports consumers, stimuli enriched with audiovisual messages can enhance perceived value, positive emotions, motivation, and ultimately lead to decisions to purchase, remain loyal, or recommend the facility [2].

Furthermore, neuromarketing approaches prove that consumer attention and decision-making are often unconsciously formed. Well-designed audiovisual interventions supported by neuropsychological insights can generate more stable and robust consumer responses. A systematic review in sports neuromarketing concluded that visual stimuli such as athletes’ faces or products can direct attention flow and indirectly strengthen emotional attachment to sports advertisements or promotions [3]. Thus, strategically designed psycholinguistic audiovisual approaches have the potential to reshape users’ perceptions of sports facilities, thereby increasing willingness to pay, retention, or even engagement, which ultimately boosts revenue.

Nevertheless, empirical evidence integrating audiovisual interventions, psycholinguistic aspects, and economic outcomes in the context of sports facilities remains limited and fragmented. Much of the existing research has focused on health media, e-commerce, or digital promotion, rather than directly addressing communication interventions in sports facilities. For example, studies on consumer motivation to pay for sports streaming highlight the importance of perceived usefulness, enjoyment, and satisfaction as key determinants of consumers’ willingness to pay for digital sports services [4]. While informative, such studies do not address perceptual audiovisual elements within the context of physical sports facilities.

Against this backdrop, the present article seeks to provide a systematic synthesis and meta-analysis of studies applying psycholinguistic audiovisual interventions to enhance users’ economic behaviours in sports facilities. The study pursues two main objectives: (1) to identify empirical evidence on the effectiveness of psycholinguistic audiovisual interventions in influencing economic indicators such as willingness to pay, loyalty, retention, or increased facility usage; and (2) to assess the effect size of these interventions through meta-analysis, while also examining heterogeneity across studies and potential publication bias.

Accordingly, this research contributes to three domains. First, theoretically, it extends the literature on sport management and persuasive communication by integrating psycholinguistic perspectives into media intervention design. Second, methodologically, it advances rigorous approaches such as systematic review and meta-analysis to establish more objective and cumulative evidence. Third, it provides evidence-based recommendations for sports facility managers on audiovisual content strategies, effective psycholinguistic techniques, and their implementation to enhance revenue generation.

In summary, this section argues that psycholinguistic audiovisual interventions hold strong potential to strengthen the attractiveness and economic value of sports facilities. However, the absence of an integrated empirical synthesis underscores the need for this study. With the expectation that the findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis will serve as a strategic roadmap for academics and practitioners in the sports industry, this article is presented to address that need.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This study applies a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of audiovisual-based psycholinguistic interventions in enhancing sports facility revenue. Guided by PRISMA standards, the method ensures evidence is collected through standardised, transparent, and replicable procedures, with the methodological framework summarised in Table 1.

Using the above method, this study not only presents a comprehensive overview of trends and patterns of audiovisual psycholinguistic interventions in sports facilities but also provides quantitative measures through meta-analysis. This approach allows researchers to assess the strength of evidence, identify consistency of findings across studies, and evaluate potential biases. Thus, the results obtained are expected to provide a solid basis for the development of practical strategies to increase sports facility revenue through psycholinguistic and audiovisual-based innovations.

RESULTS

Psycholinguistics in the Context of Consumer Behaviour and Sports

Psycholinguistics examines how language shapes thought, behaviour, and decision-making by influencing perceptions of value and trust [5]. In sports facility management, persuasive strategies such as motivational slogans, emotional narratives, and audiovisual messages strengthen consumer attachment and loyalty [6]. Framing is central, with evidence showing that positive motivational approaches are more effective than threat-based communication [7]. With the rise of digitalisation, applications have expanded to social media and audiovisual platforms, where language tailored to cognitive and cultural contexts enhances engagement [8]. Thus, psycholinguistics functions not only as a communication tool but also as a strategic mechanism for driving loyalty and revenue growth in sports facilities.

The Role and Application of Audiovisual Media in Sports Facilities

Audiovisual media combine visual and auditory elements that enhance cognition, memory, and emotional engagement more effectively than text alone. Supported by dual coding and cognitive load theory, audiovisual communication strengthens comprehension and persuasion, while storytelling, narration, and music amplify emotional resonance and influence decision-making [9, 10].

In sports facilities, audiovisual interventions such as digital signage, motivational videos, event highlights, and augmented reality applications create immersive experiences that sustain attention, improve perceived value, and foster loyalty. These tools not only increase satisfaction and revisit intentions but also reinforce willingness-to-pay for premium services by strengthening positive associations with the facility [11–17].

Thus, audiovisual strategies function both as psychological interventions and practical communication tools that enhance consumer engagement, loyalty, and revenue growth in sports facilities.

The Relationship Between Psycholinguistic Intervention and Increased Income

Psycholinguistic interventions play a pivotal role in shaping consumer behaviour within competitive, service-oriented sports facilities. By influencing cognition, emotion, and decision-making, carefully chosen words, narratives, and symbols enhance perceived value and trust, with audiovisual media amplifying these effects through visualisation and emotional impact [18]. A central outcome is willingness-to-pay, as strategies such as motivational framing, storytelling, and persuasive narratives significantly increase consumers’ readiness to invest in sports services by fostering exclusivity, emotional attachment, and loyalty, ultimately driving long-term revenue growth [19]. Audiovisual interventions further improve customer experience, as promotional videos combining motivational language with facility visualisations enhance revisit intentions and retention, a cost-effective driver of profitability [20]. Additionally, integrating audiovisual elements with psycholinguistic techniques strengthens brand loyalty, a critical predictor of sustained financial performance [20]. Collectively, these strategies boost willingness-to-pay, loyalty, and retention, providing both stronger consumer engagement and a foundation for long-term financial sustainability in sports facilities.

Conceptual Framework and Research Gaps

This study’s framework integrates psycholinguistic theory and audiovisual media to explain how persuasive language shapes value perceptions, motivation, and economic decisions in sports facilities. When this language is combined with audiovisual media, the message becomes stronger due to visual and auditory stimuli that deepen the persuasive effect. However, previous studies have been largely limited to the psychological aspects of users, while economic dimensions such as willingness-to-pay and financial loyalty have not been explored much. Table 2 below summarizes the conceptual framework and research gaps that form the basis of this study.

Table. 2 Conceptual Framework and Research Gaps

Table 2 above shows that this study has a strategic position in filling the gap in the literature. By integrating psycholinguistic and audiovisual media perspectives, this study not only emphasizes the psychological aspects of users but also highlights the direct implications for sports facility revenue. The use of systematic review and meta-analysis is considered an appropriate approach to provide stronger empirical evidence, so that the results of this study are expected to serve as a theoretical basis and practical guideline for sports facility managers in designing effective and evidence-based communication strategies.

Study Selection Process

In the study selection stage, the process was carried out systematically by following the PRISMA standards to ensure transparency and accuracy in identifying relevant articles. This process involves several steps, starting from an initial search in various databases to screening based on titles, abstracts, and full texts in accordance with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Each selection stage is designed to minimize bias and retain only studies that truly meet methodological quality standards. The study selection flow can be seen more clearly in Figure 1 below.

Characteristics of Selected Studies

To provide a clearer understanding of the scope and diversity of the included studies, Table 3 summarises the key characteristics of the selected articles that met the eligibility criteria for this systematic review and meta-analysis. The studies span various geographical contexts and employ different audiovisual psycholinguistic strategies, ranging from digital signage in fitness centers to immersive augmented reality applications. By presenting the year of publication, research location, type of audiovisual intervention, research design, sample, measured outcomes, and key findings, the table highlights both the methodological diversity and the consistency of outcomes across studies.

As shown in Table 3, the selected studies collectively demonstrate that audiovisual interventions grounded in psycholinguistic principles have a measurable and positive impact on consumer behaviour and economic outcomes in sports facility management. Despite the diversity of contexts from low-cost fitness centres in Spain to digital sports platforms in China and augmented reality applications in South Korea, the findings converge on the effectiveness of audiovisual persuasive strategies in enhancing customer satisfaction, loyalty, willingness-to-pay, and overall engagement. Moreover, the integration of linguistic framing with multimedia elements appears particularly influential in shaping consumer perceptions and fostering long-term retention. This body of evidence provides a solid empirical foundation for understanding how audiovisual psycholinguistic interventions can serve as strategic tools to strengthen both consumer relationships and revenue generation in sports facilities.

Thematic Synthesis of Systematic Review (Qualitative Analysis)

The qualitative synthesis of the included studies reveals several recurring themes that highlight the strategic role of audiovisual psycholinguistic interventions in shaping consumer behaviour and enhancing economic outcomes in sports facilities. These themes were derived from a narrative review of the selected literature, emphasising how language, media formats, and technological innovations converge to influence consumer perceptions, attitudes, and loyalty. Table 4 provides a thematic summary of these findings, linking each theme with supporting evidence from prior studies.

As presented in Table 4, the systematic review identifies four overarching themes. First, psycholinguistic strategies, particularly motivational framing and persuasive language, consistently enhance user engagement and loyalty. Second, audiovisual media not only strengthen cognitive and emotional responses but also create immersive experiences that drive behavioural change. Third, when applied directly in sports facilities, audiovisual tools such as digital signage, motivational videos, and augmented reality significantly improve perceived service value and customer retention. Finally, the integration of psycholinguistic framing with audiovisual interventions demonstrates clear economic implications, as it enhances willingness-to-pay, strengthens brand loyalty, and fosters long-term profitability. Collectively, these findings underscore the potential of audiovisual psycholinguistic approaches as effective tools for both consumer engagement and revenue generation in sports facility management.

Meta-Analysis Results of Audiovisual Psycholinguistic Interventions in Sports Facilities

To complement the qualitative synthesis, a meta-analysis was conducted to estimate pooled effect sizes of audiovisual psycholinguistic interventions on consumer and economic outcomes in sports facilities. This provides a clearer understanding of the magnitude and consistency of effects across studies. Table 5 reports the aggregated effect sizes (Hedges’ g), confidence intervals, significance levels, heterogeneity (I²), and publication bias tests. All pooled estimates were calculated using a random-effects model (DerSimonian and Laird approach), given the methodological and contextual diversity across the included studies. For sensitivity, fixed-effects models were also tested, but results did not substantially differ, reinforcing the robustness of the findings.

Funnel plots and Egger’s regression test were applied to detect potential publication bias. The visual inspection of funnel plots (Figure 2) showed symmetrical distributions, consistent with the non-significant Egger’s regression results, indicating no evidence of publication bias.

As shown in Table 5, the meta-analysis revealed medium-to-large positive effects of audiovisual psycholinguistic interventions across all outcomes. The strongest impact was on willingness-to-pay (g = 0.71), followed by overall engagement (g = 0.65), customer satisfaction (g = 0.62), loyalty (g = 0.57), and retention (g = 0.54). Low-to-moderate heterogeneity (I² = 28–42%) and no evidence of publication bias confirm the reliability of these findings. The review further identified four key themes: (1) motivational framing and persuasive narratives strengthening loyalty and decision-making, (2) audiovisuals reinforcing cognitive and emotional processing with immersive technologies amplifying change, (3) direct applications such as digital signage, motivational videos, and AR enhancing perceived value, satisfaction, and retention, and (4) the integration of psycholinguistics and audiovisual media boosting willingness-to-pay and profitability. Collectively, these findings highlight audiovisual psycholinguistic interventions as effective tools for strengthening consumer relationships and driving financial sustainability in sports facility management.

DISCUSSION

The meta-analysis showed that audiovisual psycholinguistic interventions have a significant positive impact on consumer behaviour and economic outcomes in sports facilities, with medium-to-large effect sizes. The strongest effect was found for willingness-to-pay (g = 0.71), followed by engagement (g = 0.65) and satisfaction (g = 0.62). Customer loyalty and retention also improved moderately but significantly. These findings highlight that multimodal communication combining language, imagery, and sound is more effective in shaping consumer perceptions and decisions than unimodal approaches. Practically, audiovisual psycholinguistic strategies enhance both perceived service value and actual economic behaviour, making them powerful tools for revenue optimization in sports facility management.

The findings of this study demonstrate that audiovisual psycholinguistic interventions consistently yield medium-to-large positive effects on consumer outcomes such as willingness-to-pay, satisfaction, loyalty, and retention. These results are in line with prior research on digital signage in fitness centres [16], augmented reality applications in sports promotion [17], and persuasive narrative-based campaigns [19], which similarly highlighted improved satisfaction, loyalty, and payment intentions.

The key implication is that audiovisual strategies combined with psycholinguistic framing outperform unimodal or purely textual approaches by simultaneously engaging cognition and emotion. For sports facility managers, this means that investments in motivational audiovisual campaigns, immersive technologies, and personalized narratives are not merely marketing tools but strategic drivers of financial sustainability. Specifically, managers should emphasize motivational message framing, adopt immersive formats such as AR/VR to enhance engagement, and tailor linguistic styles to align with consumer demographics and cultural backgrounds.

In this regard, the current study extends previous literature by showing that beyond influencing attitudes, audiovisual psycholinguistic interventions translate directly into measurable economic behaviour, particularly in the form of increased willingness-to-pay and customer retention.

CONCLUSION

Despite its contributions, this study has several limitations that warrant careful interpretation. First, although publication bias tests did not reveal significant asymmetry, the small number of included studies means that undetected bias cannot be entirely ruled out. Second, the relatively limited sample of eligible studies, concentrated mainly in Asia and Europe, constrains generalizability to other cultural and market contexts. Third, as effect sizes were derived from a small evidence base, there remains a possibility of overestimating the true magnitude of intervention impacts. Finally, most included studies were short-term in design, leaving uncertainty about whether observed benefits can be sustained over time.

Future research should therefore expand the evidence base with larger and more diverse samples, apply longitudinal designs to assess sustained financial impacts, and employ advanced bias-detection techniques to ensure robust and generalizable conclusions.

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta (Indonesia) and Istanbul Aydın University (Türkiye) for providing academic support and institutional access to relevant databases used in this study. The authors also extend sincere appreciation to the peer reviewers for their constructive feedback, which greatly improved the clarity and quality of this manuscript.

Contributors

All authors contributed equally to the conceptualisation, design, analysis, interpretation, and manuscript preparation. Pramusinta Putri Dewanti served as the lead author, developing the conceptual framework, synthesising data, and drafting the manuscript. Sumaryanti provided methodological supervision, validation, and a critical review of the analysis. Sigit Nugroho conducted the statistical meta-analysis, interpreted the results, and edited the discussion section. Fadli Ihsan was responsible for the literature search, data extraction, and preparation of tables and figures. Bekir Erhan Orhan contributed to cross-cultural theoretical integration, language editing, and final proofreading. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Ethical Considerations

This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis that exclusively utilised data from previously published research. No new data were collected directly from human or animal participants. All included studies were reviewed for ethical approval statements in their respective publications, and this research adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the PRISMA 2020 guidelines.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, related to the publication of this article. The research was conducted independently without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.